Programs and ServicesCassandra A. Lee, M.D. 
Clinical/Research Interests
My clinical interests relate to the diagnosis and management of patients who have sustained sports related orthopaedic injuries with emphasis on the knee and shoulder problems. My surgical specialties include ligament reconstruction, cartilage preservation such as osteochondral allograft and autologous chondrocyte implantation, meniscal transplantation, and multiligamentous knee reconstruction. I also specialize in arthroscopic shoulder procedures such as instability and rotator cuff repairs as well as open shoulder reconstruction procedures.
My current research interests involve studying cartilage regeneration and ligament biology and how they translate to clinical outcomes.
Philosophy of Care
I believe in working together as partners with my patients. My job is to educate my patients about their sports injuries and to help guide them through their rehabilitation process whether it be for operative or nonoperative management.
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Education:
Boston, Massachusetts
M.D. 2001
Boston University
Boston, Massachusetts
B.A. 1996
Internships:
Winston Salem, North Carolina
2004
Residency:
Winston Salem, North Carolina
2008
Orthopaedic Surgery
Fellowships:
St. Louis, Missouri
2008
Sports Medicine
Professional Memberships:
American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine
Select Recent Publications:
Kim YM, Lee CA, Matava MJ. Clinical results of arthroscopic single-bundle transtibial posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review. Am J Sports Med. 2011 Feb;39(2):425-34. Epub 2010 Aug 11.
Moraiti CO, Stergiou N, Ristanis S, Vasiliadis HS, Patras K, Lee C, Georgoulis AD. The effect of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on stride-to-stride variability. Arthroscopy. 2009 Jul;25(7):742-9.
Ma J, Shen J, Garrett JP, Lee CA, Li Z, Elsaidi GA, Ritting A, Hick J, Tan KH, Smith TL, Smith BP, Koman LA. Gene expression of myogenic regulatory factors, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits, and GAP-43 in skeletal muscle following denervation in a rat model. J Orthop Res 2007;2525(11):1498-1505.
Shen J, Ma J, Lee C, Smith BP, Smith TL, Tan KH, Koman LA. How muscles recover from paresis and atrophy after intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin A: Study in juvenile rats. J Orthop Res 2006;24(5):1128-1135.
Farmer JM, Lee CA, Curl WW, Martin DF, Kortesis B, Poehling GG. Initial biomechanical properties of staple-anchor Achilles tendon allograft and interference screw bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft fixation for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a cadaveric model. Arthroscopy. 2006 Oct;22(10):1040-5.
Lee C, Ma J, Deal DN, Smith BP, Koman LA, Smith TL, Shilt JS. Neuromuscular recovery after distraction osteogenesis at different frequencies in a rabbit model. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006 Sep-Oct;26(5):628-33.
Ma J, Shen J, Lee CA, Elsaidi GA, Smith TL, Walker FO, Rushing JT, Tan KH, Koman LA, Smith BP. Gene expression of nAChR, SNAP-25 and GAP-43 in Skeletal Muscles following Botulinum Toxin A Injection: a study in rats. J Orthop Res. 2005;23:302-309.
Poehling GG, Curl WW, Lee CA, Ginn TA, Rushing JT, Naughton MJ, Holden MB, Martin DF, Smith BP. Analysis of Outcomes of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair with 5-Year Follow-up: Allograft Versus Autograft. Arthroscopy. 2005 July; 21(7):774-785.
Shen J, Ma J, Elsaidi GA, Lee CA, Smith TL, Tan KH, Koman LA, Smith BP. Gene expression of myogenic regulatory factors following intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin A in juvenile rats. Neuroscience Letters. 2005; 381:207-210.
Lee CA, Birkedal JP, Dickerson EA, Vieta PA Jr, Webb LX, Teasdall RD. Stabilization of Lisfranc joint injuries: a biomechanical study. Foot Ankle Int. 2004 May;25(5):365-70.
